注释:
笔者关于合宪性推定方法的其他相关研究成果,可参见王书成:《合宪性推定的正当性》,《法学研究》2010年第2期;王书成:《论合宪性推定的政治逻辑》,《华东政法大学学报》2009年第1期;王书成:《宪法方法论之觉醒——由合宪性推定说开》,《浙江学刊》2009年第1期;王书成:《论社会经济活动规制之合宪性推定—美国法的经验及启示》,《法学》2009年第2期;王书成:《合宪性推定与“合宪性审查”的概念认知:从方法论的视角》,《浙江社会科学》2011年第1期;王书成:《宪法审查“忧虑”及方法寻求——合宪性推定之运用》,《浙江学刊》2011年第1期;王书成:《合宪性推定与塞耶谦抑主义》,《宪法释义暨转型期宪法解释学术研讨会论文集》(2011年3月·浙江大学),等等。其他学者的相关研究,可参见韩大元:《论合宪性推定原则》,《山西大学学报》2004年第3期,等等。 Michael L. Stokes, Judicial Restraint and the Presumption of Constitutionality, 35 U. Tol. L. Rev. 347(Winter, 2003). 关于宪法事实较为具体的阐释,参见下文相关内容。 当然由于各国立法程序存在差异,因此合宪性推定效力的开始也存在差异,如在英国、澳大利亚、印度等国,法案在议会通过一读、二读后即交付专门委员会。在德国、丹麦等国,议会大会不必通过二读而只要通过初读,便将法案交付委员会。参见周旺生:《立法法》,法律出版社2004年版,第166页。 参见台北地区大法官许玉秀:《释字第六○三号解释协同意见书》 See Mark Tushnet, Weak-form Judicial Review: Its Implications for Legislatures, 2 NZJPIL 10-16 (2004). 参见毕玉谦:《民事证据法及其程序功能》,法律出版社1997年版,第168页。 对于为何对违反宪法的立法不能立即判定违宪的分析,可参见胡锦光、王书成:《论穷尽法律救济原则之存在逻辑》,载《中州学刊》2008年第1期。 苏彦图:《立法者的形成余地与违宪审查——审查密度理论的解析与检讨》,台湾大学法律学研究所硕士论文1998年(指导老师:许宗力), 第119页。 The Presumption of Constitutionality Reconsidered, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 2. (Feb., 1936), pp. 283-292. The Presumption of Constitutionality, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 7. (Nov., 1931), pp. 1136-1148. The Presumption of Constitutionality, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 7. (Nov., 1931), pp. 1136-1148. 至于被转移的证明责任性质与内容,则是有争议的问题。有学者(如撒耶和威格摩尔)认为只是转移了提出证据的责任,也有学者(如摩根)认为还包括说服责任。参见[美]麦考密克著:《麦考密克论证据》,汤维建等译,中国政法大学出版社2003年10月出版,第665~672页;[美]罗纳德·J.艾伦:《民事诉讼中的推定再思考》,《爱荷华州法律评论》,第66卷,第865页。 参见龙宗智:《推定的界限及适用》,《法学研究》2008年第1期。 See Michael J. Perry, Constitutional Rights, Moral Controversy, and the Supreme Court, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p2. See Michael J. Perry, Constitutional Rights, Moral Controversy, and the Supreme Court, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p3. See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p3. 时国康夫:《宪法事实》,载《法曹时代》第15卷第5号。转引自翟国强:《宪法判断的方法》,法律出版社2009年版,第92页。 See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p3, note 3. See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p14. See Kenneth Culp Davis, Administrative Law Text, 3rd ed. West Publishing Co., 1972, p160. See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p16. 当然,莫纳汉(John Monahan)和沃克(Laurens Walker)教授还提出了第三种事实,即“社会结构”(social frameworks)。See Walker & Monahan, Social Frameworks: A New Use of Social Science in Law, 73 VA. L. REV. (1987). See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p16、p17、p19. See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p17. See Gonzales v. Raich, 125 S.Ct. 2159 (2005). See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p16、p18. See Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). 当然最后法院采纳的前一种解释,即利用社会科学研究在本质上推翻了规则本身,从而普遍性地禁止这种歧视。See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p20. See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p22. 参见[德]卡尔.拉伦茨:《法学方法论》,陈爱娥译,商务印书馆2003年版,第162页。 参见[德]卡尔.拉伦茨:《法学方法论》,陈爱娥译,商务印书馆2003年版,第162页。 Henry Wolf Bikle, Judicial Determination of Questions of Fact Affecting the Constitutional Validity of Legislative Action, 38 HARV. L. REV. 6 (1924). Alfange, Jr, The Relevance of Legislative Facts in Constitutional Law, 114 U. Pa. L. Rev. 637, (1966). See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, p5. See Joseph Eliot Magnet, Jurisdictional Fact, Constitutional Fact and the Presumption of Constitutionality, 11 Man. L. J. NO.1 (1980). See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993). See David L. Faigman, Is Science Different for Lawyers?, Science vol. 297 (2002), p339-340. See Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 494, n.11 (1954). See Ronald Dworkin, Social Science and Constitutional Rights-The Consequences of Uncertainty, J. L. & EDUC. 6 (1977): p3, p5. See Alfange, Jr. The Relevance of Legislative Facts in Constitutional Law, 114 U. Pa. L. Rev. 637 (1966). Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co.31 S. Ct. 337 (1910-1911). Construction Montcalm v. Commission du Salaire Minimum, 25 N.R. 1 (S.C.C.) (1979). Construction Montcalm v. Commission du Salaire Minimum, 25 N.R. 1 (S.C.C.) (1979). See Joseph Eliot Magnet, Jurisdictional Fact, Constitutional Fact and the Presumption of Constitutionality, 11 Man. L. J. NO.1 (1980). See Joseph Eliot Magnet, Jurisdictional Fact, Constitutional Fact and the Presumption of Constitutionality, 11 Man. L. J. NO.1 (1980). See Joseph Eliot Magnet, Jurisdictional Fact, Constitutional Fact and the Presumption of Constitutionality, 11 Man. L. J. NO.1 (1980). 夫格曼(David L. Faigman)以宪法事实的类型(“宪法规则”事实、“宪法审查”事实与宪法裁判事实)为基础对下级法院可否审查上级法院的宪法事实进行了进一步的探讨。See David L. Faigman, A Unified Theory of Constitutional Facts, Bepress Legal Series, 2006, pp69-92. Ronald Dworkin, Judicial Discretion, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 60, No. 21 (1963), p627. 对于宪法规范抽象性的具体阐释,可参见王书成:《宪法解释之前命题与方法——以德沃金为中心》,《浙江学刊》2007年第3期。 Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, Frederick Schauer and Sinnott-Armstrong Walter, Ed. The Philosophy of Law: Classic and Contempory Reading with Commentary, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1996, p80-81. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, Frederick Schauer and Sinnott-Armstrong Walter, Ed. The Philosophy of Law: Classic and Contempory Reading with Commentary, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1996, p82. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, Frederick Schauer and Sinnott-Armstrong Walter, Ed. The Philosophy of Law: Classic and Contempory Reading with Commentary, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1996, p75. See Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, Frederick Schauer and Sinnott-Armstrong Walter, Ed. The Philosophy of Law: Classic and Contempory Reading with Commentary, Harcourt Brace and Company, 1996, p78. See Jeffrie G Murphy and Jules L Coleman, Philosophy of Law: An Introduction to Jurisprudence, Westview Press, 1990, p43. See Ronald Dworkin, Judicial Discretion, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 60, No. 21 (1963), p637. 参见毕玉谦:《民事证据法及其程序功能》,法律出版社1997年版,第170页。 此案涉及了大麻的有害性与个人隐私权保护之间的讨论。See State of Hawi'i, Respondent-Appellee, v. Lloyd Mallan, Petitioner-Appellant, 86 Haw. 440; 950 P.2d 178; 1998 Haw. LEXIS 6. 相关阐释可参见State v. Renfro, 56 Haw. 501, 503, 542 P.2d 366, 368 (1975). See The Avoidance of Constitutional Questions and the Preservation of Judicial Review: Federal Court Treatment of the New Habeas Provisions, Harvard Law Review, Vol. 111, No. 6. (Apr., 1998), pp. 1578~1595. 沈达明:《英美证据法》,中信出版社1996年版,第71页。 参见叶自强:《民事证据研究》,法律出版社1999年版,第91页。 The Presumption of Constitutionality, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 7. (Nov., 1931), pp. 1136-1148. See O’Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. 282 U.S. 251(1931). 参见毕玉谦:《民事证据法及其程序功能》,法律出版社1997年版,第171页。 The Presumption of Constitutionality, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 7. (Nov., 1931), pp. 1136-1148. Middleton v. Texas Power and Light CO., 249 U. S. 152,157, 39 Sup. Ct. 227, 229 (1919) The Presumption of Constitutionality, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 7. (Nov., 1931), pp. 1136-1148. |